Female genital Mutilation in Sudan Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3500 words

Female genital Mutilation in Sudan - Essay Example Focus is also drawn on the different ways through which the government of Sudan, different international agencies, local non-governmental organizations, and civil groups are working to stop this oppressive practice. Communities that practice FGM perform it in varying ways. The World Health Organization has developed three major categories of FGM. There is Type 1, Type 2, and Type 3. Type 1 female circumcision is referred to as clitoridectomy. This mainly involves the removal of the tip of the prepuce, with or without excision of part or the entire clitoris. In Type 2, there is the removal of the clitoris together with part or all of the labia minora. Type 3 female circumcision is also called infibulation. This involves the removal of most or all of the female genitalia. In this type, there is also the stitching of the vaginal opening, where only a small opening is allowed for urine and menstrual flow (Islam & Uddin 2001, p. 72). Type 3 is considered the most severe form of FGM. In Su dan, there are different names that are used to refer to each of the three types of female circumcision. Type 1 is referred to as â€Å"Sunna.† This involves the removal of the tip of the prepuce. ... For instance, some of the Muslim Sudanese hold that female circumcision is supported by Islam. On the other hand, the Muslim theologians in Sudan believe that there is no provision for FGM in the Koran (Islam & Uddin 2001, p. 73). Nonetheless, Turshen (2000, p. 145) notes that FGM is linked to Islam, even though not all Muslim countries uphold it. With regard to the prevalence of female circumcision in Sudan, the findings of Sudan Demographic and Health Survey (SDHS) of 1989 -1990 show that 89% of the ever-married women have undergone some form of FGM. The Northern part of Sudan ranks high, with approximately 99% of the ever-married women having undergone circumcision (Landinfo 2008, p. 6). In 2001, Islam and Uddin conducted a study in Sudan to determine the prevalence of female circumcision in the region. Their study focused on Haj-Yousif and Shendi, which are in the North, as well as Juba, in the South. Nonetheless, in this paper, the focus is not on South Sudan. The study of Islam and Uddin (2001, p. 74) revealed that female circumcision is highly prevalent in Sudan. 100% of the respondents in Shendi, and 87% of respondents in Haj-Yousif had undergone circumcision. The most prevalent form of female circumcision was found to be the Pharaonic circumcision, which is the most severe form. In Sudan, the process of female circumcision is performed by lay practitioners. These have little or no knowledge on the female anatomy, or medicine. The conditions under which female circumcision takes place in Sudan are below the hygiene standards. Furthermore, no anaesthesia is performed on the females before circumcision, and there is no sterilizing of the instruments used to perform female circumcision (Landinfo 2008, p. 9). A major reason why

Law should banned adverting which has high calorie foods for children Research Paper

Law should banned adverting which has high calorie foods for children that affect them negative on their health and behavior - Research Paper Example This reduction in physical activity together with consumption of a high calorie diet has resulted in obesity among children. Obesity has, therefore, become a major public health issue. In his book chapter, Killgore (2010) has examined the human brain to study its functioning behind human desires of hunger. The study found out that human perception played a vital role in stimulating moods that trigger hunger and craving for high calorie food. Various sections of the brain are involved with different sensations, for example, perception of high calorie food consumption was found to be related with medial orbitofrontal and posterior insular cortex (Killgore, 2010). Advertising is one social and cultural discourse which has the ability to manipulate human perceptions. In fact, advertising often uses deceptive messaging in order to appeal to its target audiences which mainly include consumers (Shimp and Andrews, 2013). Advertising of high calorie, unhealthy foods is an example where consum er perceptions of such eatables are manipulated by masking the potentially harmful side of the product to generate sales. Since childhood obesity is a growing problem among children, laws should ban advertising of high calorie foods. The psychology of perception lends itself to deceptive advertising and marketing (Kimmel, 2013). Arguments regarding marketing have often proposed that it involves psychological manipulation of the human perception that alters the image of a product. This is also true for the advertising of unhealthy, high calorie foods that are often shown in a way that spurs a desire for hunger and initiates a craving for the food. Such attempts are aimed at deceiving the target consumers into overlooking the unhealthy side of products, such as deep fried food items, crisps, chocolates, sweets, nuts and other junk foods. Instead, consumers are lured by showing graphically stimulating images of ingredients and food